The following Review Guidelines are intended to help service providers and individuals
involved in personnel preparation determine the congruence between the
beliefs, values, and practices of the individuals in your community
and current recommended practices in early childhood/special education.
The Review Guidelines will first help you consider the overall
effectiveness of presentation of a material. Next, questions follow
which pertain specifically to the content area of Child Assessment.
It is important to realize
that no material is likely to match the exact needs of individuals in
your community. Therefore, in many instances, you may wish to make some
simple adaptations to the materials before using them.
A separate set of Review
Guidelines is available to help select materials that have been
translated from one language to another. In addition, other suggestions
for choosing materials are available on the CLAS Web site (http://clas.illinois.edu).
It is our hope that you may use these Review Guidelines to engage
in meaningful dialogue with families and colleagues in your community,
as you decide which materials to use in your early childhood setting.
Effectiveness
of Presentation
Please respond to all
that apply.
Clarity
- Is the purpose
of the material clear?
- Is the presentation
of the information easy to follow?
- If there are directions
on how to use the material, are they clearly stated?
- Does the material include
an effective explanation of technical terms or jargon?
- Does the language in
the material acknowledge diversity (e.g., family structures, multi-generations,
disabilities, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, religion, etc.)?
- Is the format (e.g.,
print, audio, video, etc.) appropriate for the intended users of this
material?
- Are contact agencies
or persons for accessing additional information or support easily
identifiable?
Comprehension
Level
- Easy = mainly
simple sentences with minimal or no technical jargon;
- Average = a
mix of simple and complex sentences with some technical jargon (e.g.,
USA Today);
- Difficult =
mainly complex sentences with a lot of technical jargon or discipline-specific
terms (e.g., College-level text or New York Times).
- For printed materials,
the reading level of the material is:
Easy | Average | Difficult | N/A
- For video and audio
materials, the comprehension level of the material is:
Easy | Average | Difficult | N/A
Graphics,
Illustrations and Photos
Do the graphics:
- Represent a non-stereotypical
view of cultural (e.g., contemporary dress) and linguistic groups?
- Represent a wide variety
of groups (e.g., disabilities, gender, race, generation)?
- Enhance the materials
(e.g., photo prints and designs are appropriate and of high quality)?
To what extent does
the material
- Honor the families'
preferred language or mode of communication (if other than spoken
English) by: (1) suggesting that the persons conducting the assessment
are fluent in that language, and (2) when the former is not possible,
the material includes strategies for using a cultural guide to review
assessment items and procedures to identify those that are insensitive
or mismatched to cultural norms or language usage?
- Recommend that information
and results from the screening activities are obtained from family
or caregiver feedback, as well as through written reports?
- Encourage that information
regarding the "reason for referral" be obtained from families as well
as professionals during the initial special education eligibility
process?
- Include strategies to
obtain information from families in a culturally sensitive manner
regarding their concerns about their child's behavior and development?
- Ensure that there is
a match between what the professionals and families feel is the major
concern regarding the child's behavior and development, as well as
the reason for referral?
- Provide guidance for
determining whether the referral for evaluation for special education
services is appropriate?
- Provide guidance about
the assessment of challenging behaviors, which might result in a child
being diagnosed as having a behavior disorder? Does the material direct
the assessment team to consider: (1) environmental factors (e.g.,
discontinuity in practices between home and center), or (2) cultural
bias in labeling certain behaviors as problems?
- Provide strategies for
assessing language dominance and proficiency to help distinguish between
a suspected developmental delay and a language/dialectical difference?
- Provide strategies for
distinguishing between suspected developmental delays and differences
in achievement of developmental milestones, which may be influenced
by child-rearing or cultural practices?
To what extent does
the material ...
(a) Include recommendations
for obtaining information from family members by:
- First increasing staff
awareness of family cultural preferences and roles,
- Discussing how service
providers can establish rapport with families before gathering information,
- Acknowledging that parental
consent must be obtained before an evaluation is conducted?
- Helping providers to
respect families' desires and readiness to share information and meeting
families at their level of readiness,
- Including and supporting
extended family members in this information-gathering stage,
- Including recommendations
for obtaining and utilizing information from all caregivers working
with the family, and
- Identifying and honoring
the family's views on native language maintenance and the learning
of another language?
(b) Provide guidance to
staff about the importance of:
- Inviting families to
participate in their child's assessment in a manner that is comfortable
for the family, and
- Sharing information
with families about the assessment process?
(c) Include recommendations
for identifying and supporting family preferences on where and when
professionals will observe and assess the child?
(d) Recommend that the assessment
process include observations of the child in two or more environments
on more than one occasion, whenever possible?
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Conducting
the Assessment and Determining Eligibility, Services, and Monitoring
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To what extent does
the material ...
- Recommend that
professionals gather information from multiple sources and use multiple
measures (e.g., norm-referenced, interviews, observations, etc.)?
- Include procedures and
adaptations that accommodate the child's sensory and response capacities?
- Recommend that professionals
employ individualized, developmentally compatible assessment procedures
and materials that capitalize on the child's interests, interactions,
communication style, language preference, and culture?
- Acknowledge that professionals
should assess strengths as well as problems across all areas of the
child's suspected disability?
- Recommend that professionals
seek assistance from a family member or cultural guide to confirm
their interpretations of the child's behavior during the assessment
process?
- Address the need for
using an interpreter/translator for children for whom spoken English
is not their primary language?
- Acknowledge the need
to ensure that the reason for a child's learning difficulty is not
due to a lack of instruction in reading or math or limited English
proficiency?
- Recognize the shortcomings
of standardized and norm-referenced materials and therefore stress
the importance of: 1. Selecting alternative methods for establishing
a baseline for measuring progress for children who are culturally
and linguistically diverse, and 2. If standardized and norm-referenced
procedures must be used, then suggestions are included for culturally
and linguistically competent modifications and interpretation of results?
- Emphasize that the measures
and procedures are used to facilitate education and treatment rather
than to diagnose and classify?
- Emphasize that eligibility
decisions are to be based on the assessment information from the consensus
of a team of professionals and the child's family as opposed to being
based on information from one professional?
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Analyzing
and Reporting the Results in Written or Oral Format
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To what extent does
the material ...
- Provide guidelines
for including a qualified representative of the child's cultural and/or
linguistic group to assist in the interpretation of the results when
bilingual professionals are not available? The role of this individual
is to consider the degree to which perceived delays may be related
to cultural or child-rearing practices, difficulties in language translation,
or other factors that may have influenced the assessment process.
- Include recommendations
for reporting information to families in a way that is understandable,
useful, respectful, and in the preferred language?
- Address the range of
reactions that a family may experience when assessment information
is shared (e.g., grief, denial, mistrust, anger) and provide
recommendations for providers to: 1. Be sensitive to and supportive
of the family, and 2. Recognize that even the labeling of these reactions
is often a culturally based perception?
- Emphasize that professionals
maintain confidentiality and discretion when sharing information about
the child and family?
- Recommend that professionals
report child and family strengths, as well as priorities for promoting
optimal development?
- Recommend that professionals
report limitations of the assessment (e.g., cultural bias, sensory
requirements), as well as conflicting interpretations of the assessment
results?
- Recommend that professionals
organize reports by developmental/functional domains or concerns,
rather than by assessment devices?
- Acknowledge the need
to gather information related to the child's involvement and progress
in the general education curriculum?
The following two
questions are intended to deepen the analysis of the ways materials
address issues of diversity. In some cases, these issues may have
been addressed in the preceding questions. |
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Does
the material acknowledge and address complex and sometimes subtle
aspects of diversity as they relate to child assessment, such
as:
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- Power (refers
to the division of members of society into levels with unequal access
to resources, knowledge, and authority)
- Racism (refers
to systems advantage based on race)
- Prejudice (refers
to an adverse judgment or opinion based on preconceived beliefs and
ideas about different groups)
- Socio-Economic Class
(refers to the division of society into levels with unequal wealth
and prestige)
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Are
there any spoken or unspoken assumptions, values or beliefs in
this material that could conflict with the delivery of culturally
and linguistically appropriate services (e.g., assuming all parents
view themselves as advocates or equal partners)?
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